Implementation of Instructional Supervision in Secondary School
Approaches, Praspects and Problems
Keywords:
Instructional, Supervision Clinical, Supervision Staff, Development, Curriculum Implementation, Instructional ObservationAbstract
Supervision is critical in the development of any educational program in both developed and developing countries including Ethiopia. In education, the role of educators has undergone dramatic shifts in the recent past. Many teachers, especially pupil-teachers and newly qualified teachers may not have mastered or developed sufficient skills for effective teaching; hence, there is a need for instruction in the live classroom to be supervised. This paper included and discuss different possible approaches/technique i.e. Clinical Supervision, Collegial Supervision, Self-directive supervision, Informal Supervision etc. With regards to this, it is also discussed about prospects and problems of instructional supervision in various aspects. The teachers’ perception also reflects towards implementation of instructional supervision. Teachers may perceive supervision as a worthwhile activity if supervisors give teachers security by backing their judgments even though at times a teacher’s judgment can be wrong. Teachers must feel that the supervisor is there to serve them and to help them become more effective teachers.
Indeed in secondary schools the nature of instructional supervision is constrained by the subject specialization of the supervisor. Supervisors who have been teachers of languages cannot assess the students’ performance in mathematics, nor offer teachers of mathematics the kind of professional support they need. For many teachers, supervision is a meaningless exercise that has little value other than completion of the required evaluation form performance for decision of their promotion, transfer and to stop thei increments if necessary.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Acheson, K.A. and Gall, M.D. (1977) Techniques in the Clinical Supervision of Teachers: Pre-service and In-service Applications, New York: Longman Publishers, Pp. 9-11.
Acheson, K.A. and Gall, M.D. (1997) Techniques in the
th
Clinical Supervision of Teachers, (4 Edn.) White Plains, NY: Longman, Pp. 48-60.
Akpotu, N.E. (2006). Problems of Financing Education in Nigeria in Itedjere P.O (Ed) Current Issues in Nigeria Educational System, Abraka: Delsu Printing Press, P.190.
Ali, M.A. (1998). Supervision for Teacher Development: A Proposal for Pakistan, Paris, IIEP/International Institute for Educational Planning Pp. 7-9.
Ball, D. and Mc Diarmid, G.W. (1990) The Subject- matter Preparation of Teachers, In: R. Houston, Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, New York, Pp. 102-119.
Beach, D. and Reinhartz, J. (2000). Supervisory Leadership: focus on Instruction, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Inc, Pp. 133-134.
Bolin, F. (1986). Perspectives on the Definition of Supervision, Wingspan, 3(2), Pp. 22-29.
Brinker Hoff, R.O. (1983). Program Evaluation: A Practioners Guide for Trainers and Educators, In: Stufflebeam, D.L.; Madaus, G.F. and Kellaghan, T. (1983). Evaluation Models, (Eds.), Chicago University Kluwer Academic Publisher Group, Pp. 33-83.
Bybee, R.W. (2006) The National Science Education Standards: Personal Reflections, School Science and Mathematics 106(2): 57-63.
Calabrese, R.L. and Zepeda, S.J. (1997). The Reflective Supervisor: A Practical Guide for Educators, Larchmont, N.Y: Eye on Education, Pp. 13.
Carron, G. and DeGrauwe, A. (1997) Current Issue in Supervision: A Literature Review, Paris: IIPE/International Institute for Educational Planning, Pp.72.
Cogan, M.L. (1973). Clinical Supervision, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston: Massachusetts, Pp.10-20.
Costa, A.L. and Garmston, R.J. (1994) Cognitive Coaching: A foundation for Renaissance Schools, Norwood MA: Christopher Gordon, Pp. 2.
Clouse, T.L. (1993). Special Education Teachers’ Opinions of Generic and Program Models of Supervision, Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (07A):2533.
Danielson, C. and McGreal, T.L. (2000). Teacher Evaluation to Enhance Professional Practice. Alexandria, AV: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Available at http://www.ascd.org/cms/index.cfm?TheViewID=34
Darling-Hammond, L. and Laughlin, M. (1995) What’s at Stake in High Stakes Testing? (Standardized Testing). The Brown University of Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter, January, 2002 sponsored by Manisses Communications Group, Inc. and the Gale Group. Available at http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0537/1_18/831 39498/p1/article.jhtml.
Dornbush, S.M. and Scott, R.J. (1975). Evaluation and the Exercise of Authority, SanFrancisco, CA: Josey- Bass, Pp. 121.
Duke, D.L. (1993). Removing Barriers to Professional Growth. Phi Delta Kappan 74(9):702.
Egwunyenga, E.J. (2005) Essentials of School Administration. Benin City: Justice JECO Publishers, Pp. 77
Fanselow, J.F. (1990). Let’s see: Contrasting Conversation about Teaching, Pp. 261, In: Richards, J.C. and Nunan, D (Eds.). Second Language Teacher Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Figueroa, A.N. (2004). Actual and Desired Teacher Attitudes toward Supervision of Instruction and Instructional Strategies in Pedagogical and Curriculum Areas in High and Low Performance Secondary Schools of the Fajardo Educational Region of Puerto Rico, Dissertation at Dowling College (UMI No –in process).
Fikadu Atra (1992). The State of Educational Inspection with Reference to Some Selected Senior Secondary Schools in Illibabor Administration Region, Ph.D Dissertation, Adis Ababa University, Ethiopia: Adis Ababa.
Fraser, K. (1980). Supervisory Behaviour and Teacher Satisfaction, Journal of Educational Administration 18(2): 224-227
Frazze, B. and Rudnitski, R.A. (1995). Integrated Teaching Methods: Theory, Classroom Applications and Field-based Connections. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, Pp. 120.
Fullan, M. (2006). Leadership & Sustainability, Systems Thinkers in Action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gebhard, J.G. (1990) Models of Supervision: Choices, Pp. 263-269. In: Richards, J.C. and Nunan, D. (Eds.), Second Language Teacher Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Glanz, J. and Behar-Hornstein, L.S. (2000). Paradigm Debates in Curriculum and Supervision: Modern and Postmodern Perspective, Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, Pp.190-211.
Glatthorn, A.A. (1990). Supervisory Leadership: Introduction to Instructional Supervision. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, Pp. 177-179.
Glickman, C.D. (1990) Right Question, Wrong Extrapolation: A Response to Duffey’s ‘Supervision for Results’. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 6(1): 39-40.
Glickman, C., Gordon, S. and Ross-Gordon, J. (1997). Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach (6th Edn). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Pp. 10-11.
Glickman, C.D. (1998). Supervision of Instruction: A Developmental Approach (2nd Edn). Toronto, Canada: Allyn and Bacon, Pp. 253-255.
Glickman, C., Gordon, S. and Ross-Gordon, J. (2003). Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach. Boston MA: Allyn & Bacon, P. 6.
Goker, S.D. (1998). A School Based Management and Supervision Models ESL School Turkey. Gazima: USA PIC, Pp. 59-63.
Goldhammer, R. (1969). Clinical Supervision: Special Methods for the Supervision of Teachers. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Pp. 10–19.
Goldhammer, R., Anderson, R. and Krajewski, R. (1980). Clinical Supervision: Special Methods for the Supervision of Teachers (2nd Edn). New York, NY: Holt, Pp.19.
Harrison, B.M. (1968). Supervision Behaviours in Education (3rd Edn). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Pp. 1-2.
Huling-Austin, L. (1990). Teacher Induction Programs and Internships. In R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education, Pp. 535-548. New York: Macmillan.
Jones, K. (1993) Educational Management V: Human Resources Management EMH 500A 2004 Technikon, Pretoria Journal of Education Administration 18(2):224-227.
Joyce, B. and Showers, B. (1982). The Coaching of Teaching, Educational Leadership 40(8):4-10
Juska, N. (1991) Case Studies: Windows into Clinical Supervision. Educational Leadership, 50(1), 52-56.
Kapfunde, C.L. (1990). Clinical Supervision in the Zimbabwean Context. Harare Zimbabwe Publishing House.
Landers, T.J. and Myers, J.G. (1997). Essentials of School Management. Philadelphia: W.B.S. Sounders Company, Pp. 214-215.
Lortie, D.C. (1975) School Teacher: A Sociological Study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lovell, J.T. and Wiles, K. (1983). Supervision of Better Schools (5th Edn), New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, Pp. 154-159
Lucio, W.H. and John, M.N. (1979). Supervision in Thought and Action (3rd Edn), New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Pp. 79.
Marks, J.R. (1985) Handbook of Educational Supervision (3rd Edn), New York Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Pp. 91-200.
Mcgrath, M.J. (2000). Human Dynamics of Personnel Evaluation. The School Administrator 34-38.
McGreal, T.L. (1995). Impact of New Evaluation Process on Teacher Involvement and Teacher Reflection. A report to the Illinois Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois.
Ministry of Education, (1987). Educational Supervision Manual and Practice, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, 4(4): 21-26.
Mohanty, J. (1994). Educational Administration and School Management, New Delhi, India: Deep and Deep Publication, Pp. 176-193.
Musazi, J.C. (1987) Theory and Practice of Educational Administration. Nigeria: McMillan, Pp. 196.
Nakpodia, E.D. (2006) Educational Administration: A New Approach (2nd Edn), Warri: Jonokase Publishers, Pp. 181-215.
Neagley, R.L. and Evans, D.N. (1964). Handbook for Effective Supervision of Instruction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 20.
Ogden, L. (1998). A Better Way to Supervise. Thrust for Educational Leadership 27(7): 20-21.
Ogunniyi, M.B. (1984). Educational Measurement and Evaluation. Nigeria: Longman Group Ltd. P. 25.
Onoyase, D. (1991) Theory and Practice of Educational Administration. Warri: Okienriete Publishers Pp. 151-156.
Ornstein, C.A. and Hankins, F.P. (1998) Curriculum Foundations, Principles and Issues (3rd Edn). Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. P. 98.
Pajak, E. (1993). Conceptions of Supervision and Leadership: Change and Continuity. In: Cawelti, G. (Edn.). Challenges and Achievements of American Education, 1993 ASCD Yearbook. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 1703 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA, 22311-1714.
Parakash, R. (2005). Methods of Educational Research. New Delhi: AJay Verma Common Wealth, Pp. 235.
Reavis, C.A. (1978). Teacher Improvement through Clinical Supervision (3rd Edn). Phi Delta Kappa, Foundation Bloomington, Indiana, Pp. 136.
Reiman, A.J. and Thies-Sprinthall, L. (1998). Mentoring and Supervision for Teacher Development. New York: Longman.
Richardson, M.D., Short, P.M. and Prickett, R.L. (1993). School Principals and Change. New York, NY: Garland Publishing.
Robert, D.K. and Peter, J.B. (1989). A Design for Instructional Supervision. Spring Field III: Charles C: Thomas, P. 11.
Sardo, B.D. (1988) Twelve Middle-School Teachers’ Planning. The Elementary School Journal 86(35): 69-87.
Sergiovanni, T.J. (1985). Landscapes, Mindscapes, and Reflective Practice in Supervision. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 1(1):11.
Sergiovanni, T.J. and Starratt, R.J. (1993). Supervision: A Redefinition (7th Edn). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Pp. 20-21.
Sergiovanni, T.J. and Starratt R.J. (1998) Supervision: A Redefinition (6th Edn). New York: McGraw-Hill, Pp. 39.
Sergiovanni, T.J. (2006). Principalship: A Reflective Practice Perspective. Boston: Pearson.
Spears, H. (1995). Improving the Supervision of Instruction. New York: NY American Book, P. 34.
Starratt, R.J. (1997). Should Supervision Be Abolished?. In: Jeffrey Glanz and Richard F. Neville (Edn.), Educational Supervision: Perspectives, Issues, and Controversies, Norwood, MA: Christopher Gordon Publishers.
Sullivan, S. and Glanz, J. (2000). Supervision that Improves Teaching. Thousand Oak CA: Corwin Press, Pp. 22.
Syoubts, W. (1994). The Training and Development of School Principal. New York, USA: Green Wood Press, Pp. 257-262.
Tarrant, T. and Newton, C. (1992). Managing Change in Schools: Practical Hand Book. London: Route Ledge, Pp. 142-146.
Temesgen M. (1998). Principals Instructional Effectiveness and Influencing Factors in Secondary School. MA Thesis, Adiss Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Travers, P.D. (1995). Foundation of Education. New York, USA: Allyn and Bacon Co., Pp. 254-255.
Tucker, P.D. and Stronge, J.H. (2005). Linking Teacher Evaluation and Student Learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Ukeje, O.B. (1992). Educational Administration. Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing Cap. Ltd. 15: 37-38
Wanzare, Z. and DaCosta, J.L. (2000). Supervision and Staff Development: Overview of the Literature. NASSP Bulletin, 84(618), 47-54.
Wiles, J. and Bondi, J. (2000). Supervision: A Guide to Practice. NJ: Prentice Hall, P. 8.
Zepeda, S. (2007). Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts (2nd Edn). Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.
Zepeda, S.J. and Ponticell, J.A. (1998) At Cross- Purposes: What Do Teachers Need, Want, and Get from Supervision?, Journal of Curriculum and Supervision. 14(1):68-87.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2012 journal of Science, Technology and Arts Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
STAR © 2023 Copyright; All rights reserved
