Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Physico-mechanical and Chemical Quality of Hide and Leather of Dromedary Camels
Keywords:
Dromedary, Camels, Supplementation, Physico-mechanical Quality, Crust LeatherAbstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of concentrate supplementation under feedlot condition on intake, weight gain, physico-mechanical and chemical qualities of crust and finished leather of dromedary camels. Fifteen growing Ogaden camels with age range of 24- 30 months and mean bodyweight of 162.8±23.8 kg (Mean±SD) were purchased from Babile camel market and used in a 120 days fattening study. The experiment was run under RCBD where the camels were blocked according to their initial body weight and allotted randomly within the block to three dietary treatments. The experimental feed was urea (5%) treated maize stover (UTMS) basal diet given ad-libitum and a supplement of concentrate mix of wheat bran(66%), Noug seed (Gizotia abyssinica Cass.) meal (13%), sorghum grain (20%) and mineral-vitamin premix (1%). The supplementary diet was offered to the camels at the rate of 0.5 (D0.5=low level), 1.0 (D1.0=medium level) and 1.5 (D1.5=high level) percent of bodyweight. Levels of supplementation did not affect the chemical and most of the physico- mechanical qualities of the crust and finished leathers. Among the physico-mechanical qualities, tear load perpendicular to the back bone of crust leathers was higher (P<0.05) for the Medium level compared to Low level supplement while arithmetic mean of parallel and perpendicular tear loads was higher (P<0.05) for Medium and High level supplement groups compared to Low level supplement. Similarly, tear resistance of finished leathers was higher (P<0.01) for High level supplement compared to Low and Medium level supplement. In general, the crust and finished leathers produced by the camels in all dietary treatment groups have fulfilled the required standards of the quality parameters set by various leather institutes. It can be concluded that while the present feeding regime did not negatively affect the leather qualities, Medium and high level of supplements resulted in better tear load and tear resistance parameters of the crust and finished leather of dromedary camels.
Downloads
Metrics
References
ACTESA (Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa) (2011). Botswana livestock value chain base line study. Eighth Session of the Committee on Food Security and Sustainable Development and Regional Implementation Meeting for the Twentieth Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Adel, R., Elboushi, Y. (1994). Poultry feed from waste. In: "Hide and Tanning by Products". Chapman and Hall, London, UK, PP. 154-156.
Anastasia, W.K., Francis, M., Ellias, N. (2013). Camel hides: Production, marketing and utilization in pastoral regions of northern Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. Accessed on August 15, 2014 fromhttp://www.pastoralismjournal.com/content/3/1/25
Anonymous (2016). Investing in leather industry to meet international standard quality. Ethiopian Herald Magazine, February 5, 2016 issue. Accessed on April 15,
from http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php
/ technology/item/3642-investing-in-leather-industry-to- meet-international-standard-quality
AOAC (1990). Official method of analysis, 15th ed. (Helrich, K., ed.), Pub. By Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
AU-IBAR (African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources) (2006). Kenya livestock sector study: An analysis of pastoralists' livestock products, market value chains and potential external markets for live animals and meat. Nairobi, Kenya. 193p.
BASF (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory) (1984). Vademecum para el tecnico en curticion. 2nd ed. (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany).
BASF (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory) (2012). Booklet book for the leather technologist. 4th ed. Revised and enlarged. Ludwigshafen, Germany. 454p. Accessed on April 10, 2015 from http//www.basf.com/leather
Dhont, J., Berghe, E.V. (2003). Analytical Techniques in Aquaculture Research Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium. Accessed on January 12, 2014 from http://www.aquaculture.ugent.be/Education/coursemateria l/online%20courses/ATA/analysis/NFE.htm
Duncan, D.B. (1955). The multiple range and F-test.
Biometrics 11: 1-42.
Ellis, N. (1980). The nutrient composition of Sudanese animal feeds. Bul. I. Northern and Central Sudan.Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, Kuku, Khartoum North. Appendix 1, p. 19.
ES (Ethiopian Standard Authority) (1990). Raw hides and skins preparation ES-B.J6. 003 (1990), Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ES (Ethiopian Standard Authority) (2005). Determination of moisture content of leather, ES 1195: (2005). Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ES (Ethiopia Standards Authority) (2005). Determination of chrome oxide content of leather, ES-1188 (2005). Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2010b). World Statistical Compendium for Hides, Skins, Leather and Leather Footwear. Tropical and Horticultural Products Service, Commodities and Trade Division (ESC), FAO, Rome, Italy.
Fasil, N., Mengistu U., Yoseph, M., Getachew, A. (2015). Effects of Different Feeding Regimes on Leather Quality of Finished Blackhead Ogaden Sheep. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal 4(2): 222-227.
Hedi, A., Khemais, K. (1990). Intake, digestion and feeding behaviour of the one-humped camel stall-fed straw-based diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2(2) 1990. Accessed on April 1, 2016 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd2/2/abdouli.htm
Hekal, S.A. (2014). Histological study of the skin and leather characteristics in two types of Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of American Sciences 10(9): 41-48.
ICPALD (IGAD Centre for Patoral Areas and Livestock Development) (2013). The Contribution of Livestock to the Ethiopian Economy. Policy Breef Series, Policy Brief No: ICPALD 5/CLE/8/2013, Nirobi, Kenya.
INESCOP (Center for Technology And Innovation), “Manual For Oxazolidine Tanned Leather: Enviromentally Friendly Oxazolidine-Tanned Leather (LIFE08 ENV/E/000140)”, accessed on December 29 2015, available at. Accessed on April 15, 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=ho me.showFile&rep=file&fil=OXATAN_Manual_Curticion.pdf
Intisar, Y.T., Ahmed, R.M., Agab, H., Tagaddin, M. (2007). Feedlot performance of dromedary camel calves fed different dietary regimes. Journal of Science and Technology 8(2):102-109.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2000). Test methods of tear strength, ISO 3376. Leather and
Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002). Methods for sample conditioning, ISO 2419. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002). Sampling for physico- mechanical test, ISO 2418. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002). Test method for measuring of thickness of samples, ISO 2585. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002b). Test methods of tensile strength and percentage elongation, ISO 3376. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002c). Sampling methods for tear load and tear resistance, ISO 3377-2. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2002d). Test methods for water absorption, ISO 5403. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2005). Sampling methods and sampling location for tensile strength, ISO 2418. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2005c). Test methods of distension and strength of grain, ISO 3379. Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
IS (Indian Standards Institution) (1986). Specification for shoe upper leather for direct moulding processes (Reaffirmed 2009) (First Revision), New Delhi 110002. UDC 675.244:
312.14.
Khanna, N.D. (2000). Camel production in India. Livestock sector. In: Arid Ecology Resource, Hazard, and Rural Development policy by SC Kalwar, MK Khandelwal and KL Gupta, 2000, 2 volumes 543 p vol. II Agriculture and Irrigation Project 2000 pp. 506-509.
Leather com (2006). Austria. CIF In Trade GmbH. Schwarzwaldstr. 13-76287 Rheinstetten. Germany. http://www.leather com.
MAFF (1975). Energy allowances and feeding systems for Ruminants. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Technical Bulletin 33. London, UK.
MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) (2014). Ethiopian Livestock Master Plan (LMP): Roadmaps for growth and transformation (2015-2020). Developed by the Livestock Master Plan team. Livestock Resources Development Sector. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
MoFED (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) (2010). Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
MoFED (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and MoA (Ministry of Agriculture) (2011). A Review to Improve Estimation of Livestock Contribution to the National GDP. IGAD Livestock Policy Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Nasr, A.I. (2015). Evaluation of Egyptian Camel Hides for Leathers Manufacturing. World Applied Sciences Journal 33 (8): 1329-1333.
Robertson, J.B., Van Soest, P.J. (1981). The detergent system of analysis. In: W.P.T. James and O. Theander, Editors, The Analysis of Dietary Fibre in Food, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, pp. 123–158 (Chapter 9).
Salehi, M., Zakheri, N., Taherpour Dari, N., Ansari Renani, H.R., Lotfiilah Nia, B., Eghbaleh, A. (2010). Evaluation of Iranian Native Goat's Skin for Grading and Sorting. Animal Science Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Experiment Organization, Iran, PP. 45-51. (in Persian with English Abstract). Accessed on Dec, 2014 from http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_5025_992.html
Salehi, M.A., Mirhadi, F., Ghafouri-Kesbi, M., Asadi, F., Babak, A. (2013). An Evaluation of Live Weight, Carcass and Hide Characteristics in Dromedary vs. Bactrian×Dromedary Crossbred Camels. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 15: 1121-1131.
SAS Institute (2008). SAS User’s Guide. Version 9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc., Carry, NC.
SATRA Spotlight (2006). The chemical testing of leather. SATRA Technology centre. Accessed on March 3, 2015 from www.satra.co.uk
SLC (Society for Leather – Chemical test) (1996a). Official Methods of Analysis (SLC-3) for determination of moisture content and volatile matters in leather. Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Accessed on March 3, 2015 from https://www.leatherchemists.org/sltc_test_methods.asp
SLC (Society for Leather – Chemical test) (1996b). Official methods of analysis (SLC-4) for determination of fats and other soluble substances in leather. Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Accessed on March 3, 2015 from https://www.leatherchemists.org/sltc_test_methods.asp
SLC (Society for Leather – Chemical test) (1996c). Official methods of analysis (SLC-208) for determination of chromium in leather. Leather and Leather products Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Accessed on May 1, 2015 from https://www.leatherchemists.org/ sltc_test_methods.asp
Stosic, P. (1994). Biological factors influencing the nature of goat skins and leather. Masters thesis. University of Leicester, UK.
Tadesse, D., Urge, M., Animut, G., and Mekasha, Y. (2015). Effects of diet on leather quality and longissimus muscle composition of three Ethiopian indigenous goat types. Animal Production Science. CSIRO PUBLISHING. Accessed on January 7, 2016 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN14961
Tamire, H. (1986). Retrospects and Prospects of Agricultural Research and Extension. Part II. Developments of Research Stations, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Alemaya, Ethiopia.
Tsegay, T., Mengistu, U., Yoseph, M. (2012). Skin/leather quality of indigenous and crossbred (Dorper x Indigenous) F1 sheep. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Accessed on February 11, 2015 from http://www.irrd.org
/irrd24/4/tek124056.htm. Accessed 16 June 2104.
UNIDO (United Nation International Organization) (1994). Acceptable quality standards in the leather and footwear industry. 88p
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non- starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583–3597.
Whiteman, P.C. (1980). Tropical pasture science. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 392.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Science, Technology and Arts Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
STAR © 2023 Copyright; All rights reserved
