Phytochemical Analysis, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf and Fruit of Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. (Rhamnaceae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v4i4.12Keywords:
Zizyphus xylopyrus, Antifungal, Antioxidant, Total phenolic contentAbstract
In the present study, phytochemical screening, content of total phenolics, antifungal and antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit extract of Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. (Rhamnaceae) was investigated in vitro. The leaf and fruit extracts were obtained by maceration process using methanol as solvent. The extracts were screened for phytochemicals by standard tests. Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins and phenols were found in both extracts. Antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated by poisoned food technique. Leaf extract suppressed the growth of test fungi to high extent when compared to fruit extract. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and Ferric reducing assays. Both extracts exhibited radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity in dose dependent manner with marked activity exhibited by leaf extract. Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method was employed to estimate total phenolic content of extracts. Phenolic content was slightly higher in leaf extract. A positive correlation was observed between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The plant can be used against phytopathogenic fungi and to prevent and control oxidative damage. Further studies are to be carried out to isolate active principles from the plant and to determine their bioactivities.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Aiyegoro, O.A. and Okoh, A.I. (2010). Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of Helichrysum longifolium DC. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10: 21.
Ajith, P.S., Lakshmesha, K.K., Murthy, M. and Lakshmidevi,
N. (2012). Botanicals for control of anthracnose of bell peppers. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences 4(1): 13-19.
Alhakmani, F., Khan, S.A., Ahmad, A. (2014). Determination of total phenol, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of seeds and fruits of Zizyphus spina-christi grown in Oman. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4(S2): S656-S660.
Arinathan, V., Mohan, V.R., De Britto, J.A. and Murugan, C. (2007). Wild edibles used by Palliyars of the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6(1): 163-168.
Bahraminejad, S., Abbasi, S., Maassoumi, S.M. and Tabein,
S. (2012). Evaluation of inhibitory effects of extracts of plants from western Iran against Phytophthora drechsleri. Australian Journal of Crop Science 6(2): 255-260.
Bajpai, V.K. and Kang, S.C. (2012). In vitro and in vivo inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi by essential oil and extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 14: 845-856.
Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181: 1199-1200.
Boonyuen, C., Wangkarn, S., Suntornwat, O. and Chaisuksant, R. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of Mimusops elengi fruit extract. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 43: 21-27.
Camacho-Luis, A., Gayosso-De-Lucio, J.A., Torres-Valencia, J.M., Muñoz-Sánchez, J.L., Alarcón-Hernández, E., López, R. and Barrón, B.L. (2008). Antioxidant constituents of Geranium bellum Rose. Journal of Mexican Chemical Society 52(2): 103-107.
Chung, Y., Chien, C., Teng, K. and Chou, S. (2006). Antioxidative and mutagenic properties of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc. Food Chemistry 97: 418-425.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12(4):564-582.
Dhanapal, R., Ratna, J.V., Gupta, M. and Sarathchandiran, I. (2012). Ovarian antisteroidogenic effect of three ethnomedicinal plants in prepubertal female mice. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research 3(1): 30-36.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F. and Eslami,
B. (2010). Antioxidant activity of the bulb and aerial parts of Ornithogalum sintenisii L (Liliaceae) at flowering stage. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 9(2): 141- 148.
Fabricant, D.S. and Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives 109: 69-75.
Ghosh, S.K., Guchhait, S.K. and Santra, S. (2014). Decay of traditional ecological knowledge and ethno medicine: A study in Joypur jungle mahal, Bankura district, West Bengal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19(3): 74-80.
Gomathi V. and Kannabiran, B. (2000). Inhibitory effects of leaf extracts of some plants on the anthracnose fungi infecting Capsicum annum. Indian Phytopathology 53(3): 305-308.
Gulcin, I., Topal, F., Sarikaya, S.B.O., Bursal, E., Bilsel, G. and Goren, A.C. (2011). Polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Records of Natural Products 5(3): 158-175.
Gurjar, M.S., Ali, S., Akhtar, M. and Singh, K.S. (2012). Efficacy of plant extracts in plant disease management. Agricultural Sciences 3(3): 425-433.
Iloki-Assanga, S.B., Lewis-Luján, L.M., Lara-Espinoza, C.L., Gil-Salido, A.A., Fernandez-Angulo, D., Rubio-Pino, J.L. and Haines, D.D. (2015). Solvent effects on phytochemical constituent profiles and antioxidant activities, using four different extraction formulations for analysis of Bucida buceras L. and Phoradendron californicum. BMC Research Notes 8: 396.
Jain, A.K., Vairale, M.G. and Singh, R. (2010). Folklore claims on some medicinal plants used by Bheel tribe of Guna district Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1): 105-107.
Jain, R.K., Tiwari, M., Rajoriya, V., Sharma, A. and Kashaw,
V. (2015). Evaluation of ethanolic extract of Zizyphus xylopyrus Willd on wound healing activity in rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2(7): 304-309.
Johnny, L., Yusuf, U.K. and Nulit, R. (2011). Antifungal activity of selected plant leaves crude extracts against a pepper anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) butler and bisby (Ascomycota: Phyllachorales). African Journal of Biotechnology 10(20): 4157-4165.
Kekuda, P.T.R., Akarsh, S., Darshini, S.M., Prafulla, D. and Raghavendra, H.L. (2015). Antiradical and antimicrobial activity of Atylosia lineata Wt. and Arn. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal 4(3): 180-183.
Kekuda, P.T.R., Raghavendra, H.L., Mallikarjun, N., Swathi, D., Suchitha, Y., Kumar, A.H.S. and Vinayaka, K.S. (2014). Elemental analysis and biological activities of Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don (Sapotaceae) leaves.
Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal 3(1): 14- 20.
Kekuda, P.T.R., Vinayaka, K.S., Swathi, D., Suchitha, Y., Venugopal, T.M. and Mallikarjun, N. (2011). Mineral composition, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of a macrolichen Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale (Parmeliaceae). E-Journal of Chemistry 8(4): 1886-1894.
Kingston, D.G.I. (2011). Modern natural products drug discovery and its relevance to biodiversity conservation†. Journal of Natural Products 74(3): 496-511.
Krishna, M.S. and Nair, J.A. (2010). Antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of different extracts from leaf, bark and wood of Tectona grandis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2(2): 155-158.
Kulkarni, C.G. and Adwait, D. (2011). Folk therapies of Katkaris from Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10(3): 554-558.
Kulkarni, K.M., Patil, L.S., Khanvilkar, V.V. and Kadam, V.J. (2014). Fingerprinting techniques in herbal standardization. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(2): 1049-1062.
Kumar, P.G.M. and Shiddamallayya, N. (2016). Survey of wild medicinal plants of Hassan district, Karnataka. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 4(1): 91-102.
Meir, S., Kanner, J., Akiri, B. and Hadas, S.P. (1995). Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing Leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43:1813-1817.
Mir, A.M., Sawhney, S.S. and Jassal, M.M.S. (2013). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of Taraxacum officinale. Wudpecker Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmocology 2(1): 1-5.
Mishra, U.S., Murthy, P.N. and Parida, S.K. (2012). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Indian medicinal plant Ziziphus xylopyrus stem barks in experimental animal models. Elixir Pharmacy 44: 7265-7270.
Modi, A., Jain, S. and Kumar, V. (2014). Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd : a review of its folkloric, phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4(S1): S1-S6.
Nandini, N. and Shiddamallayya, N. (2015). Potential minor forest products wealth of old Mysore district, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Innovation Research 1(5): 109-115.
Naz, F., Qamarunnisa, S., Shinwari, Z.K., Azhar, A. and Ali,
S.I. (2013). Phytochemical investigations of Tamarix indica Willd. And Tamarix passernioides Del. ex Desv. leaves from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(5): 1503-1507.
Nduagu, C., Ekefan, E.J. and Nwankiti, A.O. (2008). Effect of some crude plant extracts on growth of Colletotrichum capsici (Synd) Butler & Bisby, causal agent of pepper anthracnose. Journal of Applied Biosciences 6(2): 184- 190.
Pushpangadan, P. and George, V. (2010). Ethnomedicinal practices of rural and tribal populations of India with special reference to the mother and childcare. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1): 9-17.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26(9/10): 1231–1237.
Reddy, S.C., Reddy, K.N., Murthy, E.N. and Raju, V.S. (2009). Traditional medicinal plants in Seshachalam hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(5): 408-412.
Sameera, N.S. and Mandakini, B.P. (2015). Investigations into the antibacterial activity of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. and Ziziphus xylopyra (Retz.) Willd. International Food Research Journal 22(2): 849-853.
Sharma, V., Patel, S., Chauhan, N.S., Lodhi, S. and Singhai,
A. (2013). A study of antioxidant and antiulcer activity of
Zizyphus xylopyrus. Spatula DD 3(4):167-174.
Sharma, V.K., Chauhan, N.S., Lodhi, S. and Singhai, A.K. (2009). Anti-depressant activity of Zizyphus xylopyrus. International Journal of Phytomedicine 1: 12-17.
Shweta, S.D., Sudeshna, C.S., Rashmi, K., Vrushala, P.S. and Kekuda, P.T.R. (2015). Antifungal efficacy of some epiphytic orchids of Karnataka, India. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 2(3B): 266-269.
Singhal, U. and SenthilKumar, K. (2011). Antidiarrhoeal activity of fruit extract of Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.)Willd in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Erudition 1(2): 57-61.
Suprapta, D.N. (2012). Potential of microbial antagonists as biocontrol agents against plant fungal pathogens. Journal of ISSAAS 18(2): 1-8.
Wangcharoen, W. and Morasuk, W. (2007). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of some Thai culinary plants. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology 1(2): 100-106.
Yineger, H., Yewhalaw, D. and Teketay, D. (2008). Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge and practice of the Oromo ethnic group in southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4: 11.
Yoganarasimhan, S.N., Subramanyam, K. and Razi, B.A. (1981). Flora of Chikmagalur district. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. Pp 77-78.
Yusuf, A. Z., Zakir, A., Shemau, Z., Abdullahi, M. and Halima,
S. A. (2014). Phytochemical analysis of the methanol leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata Linn. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 6(2): 10-16.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Science, Technology and Arts Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
STAR © 2023 Copyright; All rights reserved
