Assessment of Field Management Practices of Smallholder Farmer’s Avocado Production in the Major Areas of Ethiopia

Abstract

Avocado is an economically important crop in Ethiopia, yet its yield and quality remain low due to poor field management practices. To assess and document these practices, a survey was conducted across smallholder home gardens and cluster-based avocado farms in Sidama, South Ethiopia, Oromia, and Amhara regions. Using multi-stage purposive and random sampling, data were collected through field assessments, focus group discussions, and secondary sources. Agronomic practices from transplanting to harvesting were evaluated, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that 66.8% of growers cultivated local avocado types, while 32.25% grew commercial varieties. Among the commercial types, 43.9% planted Hass, and 15.2% planted Ettinger. The annual mortality rate of avocado trees was high, averaging 24.7% for commercial types and 19.9% for local ones. Regarding planting systems, 25% of farmers preferred homestead planting, 24.3% opted for cluster planting, and 21.6% used a coffee-based agroforestry system. Harvesting occurred year-round, although peak seasons varied by region some areas had one peak, while others had two. Overall, the study found that avocado fields were poorly managed at every stage, from transplanting to harvest. This poor management highlights the need for a well-structured field operating system. To ensure sustainable production, enhanced quality, and extended orchard lifespan, coordinated efforts are required from the government and development partners to promote improved field management practices across Ethiopia