Genetic Diversity, Gene Conservation and Indigenous-Chicken Gene Erosion in Ethiopia: A Review

Abstract

Indigenous chickens exhibit the highest rate of population type variation among chicken species, particularly in many African countries. These local or indigenous chickens are renowned for their excellent adaptive traits and are characterized by significant variations in morphological features and production parameters. Ethiopia is home to at least eleven distinct indigenous chicken ecotypes: Tilili, Horro, Chefe, Jarso, Tepi, Gelila, Debre-Elias, Melo-Hamusit, Farta, Guangua, and Mecha, named after either their feather color or their region of origin. This diversity offers a substantial advantage for developing sustainable breed improvement strategies through selection and crossbreeding. However, the genetic integrity of these indigenous chickens is under threat due to various factors. The introduction of exotic germplasm, changes in production systems, shifting market preferences, natural disasters, inconsistent public and private sector policies, and a lack of adequate funding for conservation efforts have all contributed to the genetic dilution of these valuable animal genetic resources. As a result, indigenous chickens, which are well-suited to extensive husbandry systems and are vital for resource-poor poultry farmers with limited income, should be carefully studied and preserved as a foundation for both their improved utilization and conservation. The genetic erosion of indigenous chickens is a significant concern, primarily driven by the indiscriminate distribution of exotic chickens, uncontrolled breeding of local chickens, and inefficient local breed improvement strategies. These factors pose a substantial threat to the genetic diversity and conservation of indigenous chicken genes that resulted in indigenous gene erosion.